{"id":2207,"date":"2014-07-24T11:10:44","date_gmt":"2014-07-24T10:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/?page_id=2207"},"modified":"2021-12-08T13:31:45","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T12:31:45","slug":"der-sputnikschock","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/jours-de-commemoration\/le-choc-spoutnik\/","title":{"rendered":"Le choc Spoutnik"},"content":{"rendered":"
Il y a 50 ans, le 4 octobre 1957, l'Union sovi\u00e9tique envoyait le premier satellite artificiel, appel\u00e9 Spoutnik (russe = compagnon), en orbite autour de la terre, marquant le d\u00e9but du voyage spatial.<\/h6>\n

Sorti en 2007<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

La lune sph\u00e9rique de 83 kg a tourn\u00e9 autour de la terre en 96 minutes. Il envoyait des signaux radio bips pouvant \u00eatre re\u00e7us dans le monde entier.<\/p>\n

Spoutnik 1 a br\u00fbl\u00e9 dans l'atmosph\u00e8re terrestre apr\u00e8s seulement 75 jours. Sa valeur scientifique \u00e9tait petite, mais son succ\u00e8s de propagande mondiale \u00e9tait \u00e9norme. Dans de nombreux pays qui flirtaient avec le communisme, les gens \u00e9taient enthousiastes.<\/p>\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00fb se sentir menac\u00e9s par des missiles transcontinentaux capables de transporter des armes nucl\u00e9aires.<\/p>\n

L'histoire<\/b><\/h5>\n

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le d\u00e9veloppement de grandes fus\u00e9es a \u00e9t\u00e9 n\u00e9glig\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis et en Russie. En Allemagne, ils avaient travaill\u00e9 intensivement dessus et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un avantage technique.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s la guerre, les principaux sp\u00e9cialistes allemands des fus\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 intern\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-Unis, mais le d\u00e9veloppement des fus\u00e9es n'y a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement poursuivi de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s intensive. Les Russes ont d\u00fb se contenter du deuxi\u00e8me groupe d'ing\u00e9nieurs de fus\u00e9es allemands, qui poss\u00e9daient \u00e9galement des connaissances pr\u00e9cieuses.<\/p>\n

En juillet 1955, le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain d\u00e9missionne Dwight D Eisenhower<\/em> le d\u00e9veloppement d'un satellite terrestre artificiel. Quelques jours plus tard, l'Union sovi\u00e9tique a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle travaillait sur un projet correspondant. En pleine guerre froide, la course \u00e0 l'espace \u00e9tait lanc\u00e9e. En Occident, personne ne doutait de la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 technique des Am\u00e9ricains.<\/p>\n

Les riches \u00c9tats-Unis ont permis de multiples d\u00e9veloppements\u00a0: l'arm\u00e9e de l'air travaillait sur un ICBM, la marine construisait un lanceur \u00e0 trois \u00e9tages et l'arm\u00e9e d\u00e9veloppait des ICBM \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9tages sous la direction de Werner von Braun<\/em> (1912-1977).<\/p>\n

Une course dans l'espace<\/h5>\n

Apr\u00e8s le lancement de Spoutnik 1, Wernher von Braun a propos\u00e9 d'envoyer un satellite am\u00e9ricain en orbite dans les 60 jours.<\/p>\n

Mais la confiance en soi am\u00e9ricaine ne pouvait permettre une fus\u00e9e d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par un Allemand pour un projet aussi prestigieux. Ainsi, la Marine est entr\u00e9e en jeu avec son "Avant-garde".<\/p>\n

Le 6 d\u00e9cembre 1957, le premier lancement de satellite am\u00e9ricain a \u00e9t\u00e9 t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9 en direct. C'\u00e9tait un fiasco. La fus\u00e9e venait \u00e0 peine de d\u00e9coller qu'elle retomba de quelques m\u00e8tres sur le pas de tir et explosa.<\/p>\n

Nikita Khrouchtchev<\/em>, premier secr\u00e9taire du PCUS, a pu se moquer du \u00abpamplemousse\u00bb am\u00e9ricain (le satellite ne pesait que 1,6 kg), qui est imm\u00e9diatement retomb\u00e9 du ciel. Les jeux de mots de "Kaputnik" et "Flopnik" ont fait le tour. La confiance en soi des Am\u00e9ricains a \u00e9t\u00e9 ternie, et le tiers monde en particulier a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9bloui par les succ\u00e8s de la Russie.<\/p>\n

Puis l'\u00e9quipe de Braun a finalement eu sa chance. Le 1er f\u00e9vrier 1958 - apr\u00e8s 56 jours comme promis - le premier satellite am\u00e9ricain "Explorer 1" a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 en orbite terrestre avec une fus\u00e9e "Jupiter-C".<\/p>\n

Le monde occidental est choqu\u00e9<\/h5>\n

Le lancement du premier satellite artificiel de la Terre a remis en question la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 technologique de l'Occident, que les \u00c9tats-Unis et l'Europe occidentale tenaient pour acquise. Dans la technologie la plus avanc\u00e9e, les voyages spatiaux, les Russes \u00e9taient en avance !<\/p>\n

Dans les pays occidentaux, une discussion sociale touchant presque tous les domaines a commenc\u00e9. Comme raison du retard technique apparent par rapport \u00e0 l'Union sovi\u00e9tique z. Par exemple, les syst\u00e8mes occidentaux traditionnels de gouvernement, les conditions dans les \u00e9coles et bien plus encore ont \u00e9t\u00e9 discut\u00e9s, ce qui a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 une d\u00e9cennie plus tard lors de la "r\u00e9volution de 1968".<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9ponse du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain au choc Spoutnik a \u00e9t\u00e9 divers programmes de financement pour le d\u00e9veloppement technique et scientifique et en particulier la cr\u00e9ation de la NASA. \u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960, cela a non seulement rattrap\u00e9 les Russes, mais a \u00e9galement remport\u00e9 la course pour le premier atterrissage sur la lune.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vor 50 Jahren, am 4. Oktober 1957 schickte die Sowjetunion den ersten k\u00fcnstlichen Satelliten, genannt Sputnik (russ. = Weggef\u00e4hrte), in eine Umlaufbahn um die Erde und markierte so den Beginn der Raumfahrt. Ver\u00f6ffentlicht 2007 Der 83 kg schwere, kugelf\u00f6rmige Erdtrabant umkreiste die Erde in 96 Minuten. Er sandte piepsende Funksignale aus, die weltweit empfangen werden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gedenktage"],"yoast_head":"\nDer Sputnikschock – SiegfriedHagl.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/jours-de-commemoration\/le-choc-spoutnik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Der Sputnikschock – SiegfriedHagl.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Vor 50 Jahren, am 4. Oktober 1957 schickte die Sowjetunion den ersten k\u00fcnstlichen Satelliten, genannt Sputnik (russ. = Weggef\u00e4hrte), in eine Umlaufbahn um die Erde und markierte so den Beginn der Raumfahrt. Ver\u00f6ffentlicht 2007 Der 83 kg schwere, kugelf\u00f6rmige Erdtrabant umkreiste die Erde in 96 Minuten. Er sandte piepsende Funksignale aus, die weltweit empfangen werden […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/jours-de-commemoration\/le-choc-spoutnik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SiegfriedHagl.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"siegfriedhagl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"siegfriedhagl\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"siegfriedhagl\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f\"},\"headline\":\"Der Sputnikschock\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":566,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Gedenktage\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/\",\"name\":\"Der Sputnikschock – SiegfriedHagl.com\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/gedenktage\\\/der-sputnikschock\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Der Sputnikschock\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"SiegfriedHagl.com\",\"description\":\"Artikel und Blog von Siegfried Hagl\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f\",\"name\":\"siegfriedhagl\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"siegfriedhagl\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.hagl.net\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Le choc du Spoutnik - SiegfriedHagl.com","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/jours-de-commemoration\/le-choc-spoutnik\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Der Sputnikschock – SiegfriedHagl.com","og_description":"Vor 50 Jahren, am 4. Oktober 1957 schickte die Sowjetunion den ersten k\u00fcnstlichen Satelliten, genannt Sputnik (russ. = Weggef\u00e4hrte), in eine Umlaufbahn um die Erde und markierte so den Beginn der Raumfahrt. Ver\u00f6ffentlicht 2007 Der 83 kg schwere, kugelf\u00f6rmige Erdtrabant umkreiste die Erde in 96 Minuten. Er sandte piepsende Funksignale aus, die weltweit empfangen werden […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/jours-de-commemoration\/le-choc-spoutnik\/","og_site_name":"SiegfriedHagl.com","article_published_time":"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00","author":"siegfriedhagl","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"siegfriedhagl","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/"},"author":{"name":"siegfriedhagl","@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#\/schema\/person\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f"},"headline":"Der Sputnikschock","datePublished":"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00","dateModified":"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/"},"wordCount":566,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#\/schema\/person\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f"},"articleSection":["Gedenktage"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/","url":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/","name":"Le choc du Spoutnik - SiegfriedHagl.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2014-07-24T10:10:44+00:00","dateModified":"2021-12-08T12:31:45+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/gedenktage\/der-sputnikschock\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Der Sputnikschock"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/","name":"SiegfriedHagl.com","description":"Article et blog de Siegfried Hagl","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#\/schema\/person\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/#\/schema\/person\/263c4a916fa13b3e7eda58f6c8c2695f","name":"siegfriedhagl","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"siegfriedhagl"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/45b010d0734a07d6fa163753be02d78684ff4128f419d6ee0a0370de54233f1c?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.hagl.net"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2207"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7847,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2207\/revisions\/7847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.siegfriedhagl.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}